12Axes

Countries and regimes

132 modern countries and historical regimes with a full political profile across the 12 axes. Take the test to discover which one is closest to you.

Modern countries

Social-developmentalist republic Brazil The largest country in Latin America, Brazil is a democratic presidential federal republic with a mixed economy, broad… Liberal-federal republic United States A global power and presidential federal republic, the United States combines a strong liberal tradition, a dynamic… Popular-integrationist republic Mexico A presidential federal republic in North America, Mexico unites electoral democracy, a market economy integrated with… Progressive-liberal republic Chile A South American presidential republic, Chile combines stable democracy, an open market economy, and a strong social… Plurinational-popular republic Bolivia An Andean presidential republic, Bolivia is marked by indigenous leadership, the defense of natural resources, and a… Statist-socialist authoritarianism Venezuela A South American presidential republic, Venezuela lives under an authoritarian regime of socialist and nationalist… One-party egalitarian socialism Cuba A single-party socialist state in the Caribbean, Cuba maintains a planned economy, strong state control, and universal… Liberal-pacifist republic Costa Rica A presidential republic in Central America, Costa Rica stands out for abolishing its armed forces, its consolidated… Liberal direct democracy Switzerland A European federal confederation, Switzerland is known for its direct democracy, strong cantonal autonomy, historic… Social-democratic monarchy Sweden A Nordic parliamentary monarchy, Sweden is a benchmark of social democracy, with a broad welfare state, high taxes,… Social-exporting republic Germany A parliamentary federal republic, Germany is Europe's largest economy, with a social market economy, a strong export… Social-republican republic France A European semi-presidential republic, France combines a strong republican and secular tradition, a robust welfare… Regulatory supranational union European Union A supranational political and economic union, the European Union integrates democratic states through shared… Liberal-financial monarchy United Kingdom A parliamentary monarchy, the United Kingdom has a long liberal and democratic tradition, a market economy, and a… National-illiberal republic Hungary A parliamentary republic in Eastern Europe, Hungary is governed under so-called illiberal democracy, uniting… Statist-rentier authoritarianism Russia A Eurasian presidential republic, Russia concentrates power in an authoritarian, nationalist regime, with an economy… Conservative-technological monarchy Japan An Asian parliamentary monarchy, Japan unites tradition and high technology, with an advanced market economy, an aging… Technological-security republic South Korea An Asian presidential republic, South Korea combines a vibrant democracy, an export-oriented market economy, and… One-party industrial socialism China A single-party socialist state, China unites the absolute political control of the Communist Party with a… Dynastic-autarkic totalitarianism North Korea A totalitarian single-party state, North Korea maintains a planned economy, international isolation, and a cult of the… National-conservative republic India The world's largest democracy, India is a parliamentary federal republic of enormous diversity, with a fast-growing… One-party liberal technocracy Singapore An Asian city-state, Singapore is a parliamentary republic dominated by a single party, combining open capitalism,… One-party reformist socialism Vietnam A single-party socialist state, Vietnam maintains the Communist Party's political control alongside market reforms… Developmentalist-plural republic Indonesia The world's largest Muslim country, Indonesia is a democratic presidential archipelagic republic, with an expanding… National-religious authoritarianism Turkey A presidential republic between Europe and Asia, Turkey combines electoral democracy with strong concentration of… Clerical-statist theocracy Iran A theocratic Islamic republic, Iran combines elected institutions with the supreme authority of the clerics, under the… Rentier-religious monarchy Saudi Arabia An absolute Gulf monarchy, Saudi Arabia unites power concentrated in the royal family, strict application of Islam,… National-technological republic Israel A parliamentary republic in the Middle East, Israel combines a vibrant democracy, a strong Jewish national identity,… Industrial-unequal republic South Africa A parliamentary republic, South Africa is the continent's largest industrial economy and a multiracial democracy born… Technocratic-financial region Hong Kong A global financial center, Hong Kong is an autonomous region of strong free-market capitalism and technocratic… Liberal-adjustment republic Argentina A South American presidential federal republic, Argentina is undergoing liberal free-market reforms after recurring… Liberal-rentier monarchy Liechtenstein A tiny European principality, Liechtenstein is a prosperous constitutional monarchy, with strong local autonomy, a… Democratic-egalitarian confederalism Rojava (North and East Syria) An autonomous region in northern Syria, Rojava organizes itself through democratic confederalism, with local… Rentier-diversified federation United Arab Emirates A federation of Gulf monarchies, the United Arab Emirates combines power concentrated in the royal families, a liberal… National-Catholic republic Poland A parliamentary republic in Eastern Europe, Poland combines democracy, a strong Catholic and nationalist identity, and… Liberal-secular republic Czechia A parliamentary republic in Central Europe, Czechia combines a consolidated liberal democracy, a strong secular… Techno-progressive region United States (California) The most populous US state, California is a global hub of technology and culture, with strongly progressive,… Liberal-energy region United States (Texas) The second-largest US state, Texas stands out for its conservatism, its culture of strong individual freedom, low… Financial-cosmopolitan region United States (New York) The financial and cultural center of the United States, New York combines liberal, progressive politics, enormous… Libertarian-fiscal region United States (New Hampshire) A small state in the northeastern United States, New Hampshire is known for its strong libertarian culture, low… Federal-institutional district United States (Washington, D.C.) The capital of the United States, Washington concentrates federal power and government institutions, with the strong… Academic-progressive region United States (Massachusetts) A northeastern US state, Massachusetts is a progressive stronghold and a hub of education and science, with… Multicultural-welfare monarchy Canada A federal parliamentary monarchy, Canada combines stable democracy, multiculturalism, a broad welfare state, and a… Liberal-mercantile monarchy Netherlands A parliamentary monarchy, the Netherlands is known for its liberal tradition, social tolerance, and free trade, with… Fragmented-industrial republic Italy A Mediterranean parliamentary republic, Italy unites a long cultural heritage, a diversified market economy, and… Decentralized-social monarchy Spain A parliamentary monarchy, Spain combines a consolidated democracy, strong decentralization into autonomous… Social-oil monarchy Norway A Nordic parliamentary monarchy, Norway combines a broad welfare state, oil wealth managed by a large sovereign fund,… Social-competitive monarchy Denmark A Nordic parliamentary monarchy, Denmark combines a generous welfare state, high taxes, and a competitive market… Multicultural-extractive monarchy Australia A federal parliamentary monarchy, Australia unites stable democracy, multiculturalism, and a market economy rich in… Progressive-bicultural monarchy New Zealand A Pacific parliamentary monarchy, New Zealand is known for progressive democracy, social welfare, and an open market… Liberal-multinational republic Ireland A European parliamentary republic, Ireland combines liberal democracy, an open market economy attractive to… Resistant-westernizing republic Ukraine A semi-presidential republic in Eastern Europe, Ukraine is consolidating democracy, national identity, and closer ties… Statist-personalist autocracy Belarus A post-Soviet presidential republic, Belarus is ruled by an authoritarian, personalist regime, with strong state… Rentier-multivector autocracy Kazakhstan A presidential republic in Central Asia, Kazakhstan combines an authoritarian regime, a market economy dependent on… Rentier-projective monarchy Qatar A small absolute Gulf monarchy, Qatar concentrates power in the royal family and bases its wealth on natural gas,… Military-statist regime Egypt An Arab presidential republic, Egypt is governed by an authoritarian regime with heavy military weight, which… Confessional-fragmented republic Lebanon A parliamentary republic in the Middle East, Lebanon divides power among religious communities in a confessional… Islamic-militarized republic Pakistan A federal Islamic republic, Pakistan combines fragile democracy and strong military influence, with a central… Dynastic-Catholic democracy Philippines An archipelagic presidential republic, the Philippines combines a democracy dominated by political dynasties, a strong… Militarized-religious monarchy Thailand A constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia, Thailand alternates civilian governments and strong military influence,… Multiethnic-Islamic monarchy Malaysia An elective federal monarchy in Southeast Asia, Malaysia combines democracy, a multiethnic society, Islam as the… Democratic-technological republic Taiwan An island presidential republic, Taiwan is a vibrant democracy and a world hub of technology, especially… Security-digital republic El Salvador A presidential republic in Central America, El Salvador gained prominence for its tough security policy against gangs… Catholic-pacifying republic Colombia A South American presidential republic, Colombia combines democracy, a strong Catholic tradition, and a market… Secular-progressive republic Uruguay A South American presidential republic, Uruguay is recognized for solid democracy, strong secularism, broad social… Clerical theocratic monarchy Vatican City A city-state governed by the Holy See, the Vatican combines religious sovereignty, an absolute elective monarchy, and… Rentier-touristic monarchy Monaco A small Mediterranean principality, Monaco combines constitutional monarchy, low taxation, strong dependence on… Digital-Atlantic republic Estonia A Baltic parliamentary republic, Estonia unites liberal democracy, an open economy, an advanced digital state, and… Financial-integrated monarchy Luxembourg A European grand duchy and global financial center, Luxembourg combines parliamentary monarchy, an open economy, deep… Conservative-touristic region United States (Florida) A US state with a conservative, pro-market profile, Florida combines low taxation, tourism, intense immigration,… Buddhist-conservationist monarchy Bhutan A small Himalayan kingdom, Bhutan combines a Buddhist constitutional monarchy, strong protection of traditional… Independentist-industrial region Catalonia An autonomous region in northeastern Spain, Catalonia combines its own national identity and language, an industrial,… Hyper-open recreational region Macau A Chinese special administrative region and the world's largest gambling center, Macau unites very low taxes, a… Social-neutralist republic Austria A parliamentary federal republic in Central Europe, Austria combines military neutrality, a robust welfare state, a… Social-Atlantic republic Portugal A European semi-presidential republic, Portugal combines consolidated democracy, a market economy integrated into the… Social-pacifist republic Iceland A Nordic parliamentary republic, Iceland combines stable democracy, a welfare state, an open market economy, a highly… Social-defensive republic Finland A Nordic parliamentary republic, Finland combines a welfare state, social market economy, high educational and…

Historical regimes

Developmentalist-exporting dictatorship · 1961–1979 Park Chung Hee's South Korea Under Park Chung Hee, South Korea combined military-authoritarian rule, rigid anti-communism, social discipline, and… Exclusionary civic democracy · c. 508–322 a.C. Democratic Athens A city-state of Ancient Greece, Athens was the cradle of direct democracy, with citizens deciding the polis's course… Disciplinary military oligarchy · c. 900–192 a.C. Sparta A militarist city-state of Ancient Greece, Sparta organized its whole society around war, with a mixed regime of kings… Conquering military monarchy · 336–323 a.C. Macedonian Empire Empire formed by the conquests of Philip II and Alexander the Great, combining Macedonian military monarchy, Persian… Centralized military empire · 27 a.C.–476 d.C. Roman Empire A vast empire of antiquity, Rome united military power, law, and centralized administration under the emperor,… Decentralized elective monarchy · 962–1806 Holy Roman Empire A federation of Central European territories, the Holy Roman Empire gathered principalities and cities under an… Oligarchic-mercantile republic · 697–1797 Republic of Venice A powerful medieval merchant republic, Venice was governed by a commercial oligarchy that dominated Mediterranean… Absolutist-religious monarchy · 1299–1922 Ottoman Empire A vast Muslim empire, the Ottomans ruled for centuries over lands spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa under the power of… Colonial-industrial monarchy · 1837–1901 British Empire At its Victorian height, the British Empire was the largest in history, uniting parliamentary monarchy, the industrial… Agrarian-slaveholding monarchy · 1822–1889 Empire of Brazil The only long-lasting empire in the Americas, imperial Brazil was a parliamentary monarchy under Pedro I and Pedro II,… Racial-expansionist totalitarianism · 1933–1945 Nazi Germany (Third Reich) A totalitarian regime led by Hitler, the Third Reich imposed a racist, expansionist dictatorship, a cult of the… Corporatist-nationalist dictatorship · 1922–1943 Fascist Italy (Mussolini) The birthplace of fascism, Mussolini's Italy was a totalitarian dictatorship that fused nationalism, a cult of the… Neoliberal military dictatorship · 1973–1990 Pinochet's Chile A military dictatorship born of the 1973 coup, Pinochet's Chile united severe political repression with the pioneering… One-party planned socialism · 1922–1991 Soviet Union (USSR) The world's first socialist state, the USSR was a single-party federation with a planned economy and centralized… One-party collectivist communism · 1949–1976 Maoist China Under Mao, revolutionary China was a single-party communist state, with a collectivized economy and permanent mass… Agrarian-collectivist totalitarianism · 1975–1979 Khmer Rouge Cambodia (Pol Pot) A radical regime led by Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge imposed extreme agrarian communism, emptied the cities, and abolished… Collectivist-self-managed anarchism · 1936–1939 Anarchist Aragon and Catalonia During the Spanish Revolution, regions of Aragon and Catalonia lived an anarchist experiment of collectivizing land… Corporatist-labourist populism · 1946–1955 Peronist Argentina Under Perón, Argentina experienced a populist, nationalist regime that united strong working-class support,… Nationalist-statist republic · 1954–1970 Nasser's Egypt Under Nasser, Egypt was a nationalist, developmentalist republic that nationalized strategic sectors, led pan-Arabism,… Racial-segregationist state · 1948–1994 Apartheid South Africa A regime of institutional racial segregation, apartheid South Africa denied rights to the Black majority and… Self-managed federal socialism · 1945–1992 Socialist Yugoslavia A socialist federation led by Tito, Yugoslavia adopted workers' self-management and an independent path from Moscow,… National-Catholic dictatorship · 1939–1975 Francoist Spain A dictatorship born of the Civil War, Franco's Spain was an authoritarian, Catholic, corporatist regime that united… Polycentric customary order · c. 930–1262 Medieval Iceland (Commonwealth) A rare society without a central state, medieval Iceland was organized by local chieftains and an assembly, the… Corporatist-Catholic dictatorship · 1933–1974 Portugal (Estado Novo) Under Salazar, the Portuguese Estado Novo was a conservative, corporatist dictatorship that united Catholic… Bureaucratic-military monarchy · 1701–1918 Kingdom of Prussia A German kingdom with a strong military and administrative tradition, Prussia united monarchy, a disciplined… Peasant-militia anarchism · 1918–1921 Free Territory (Makhnovshchina) During the Russian Revolution, Makhno's Free Territory was an anarchist experiment in Ukraine, with self-managed… National-labourist state · 1930–1945 Brazil (Vargas Era) Under Vargas, Brazil experienced a nationalist, developmentalist regime that promoted state-directed… Transitional-Islamic state · 2024– Syria After the fall of Assad, Syria is undergoing a transition under forces of Islamic orientation, trying to rebuild the… Modernizing-industrial monarchy · 1868–1912 Meiji Japan During the Meiji Era, Japan underwent rapid modernization directed by the emperor, who abolished feudalism,… Tolerant mercantile confederation · 1581–1795 Dutch Republic (United Provinces) A pioneering modern merchant republic, the United Provinces were a confederation governed by a commercial oligarchy,… Unstable parliamentary republic · 1919–1933 Weimar Republic Germany's first democracy, the Weimar Republic united parliamentarism, proportional representation, and intense… Centralist-militarized republic · 1819–1831 Gran Colombia An ephemeral republic created by Simón Bolívar, Gran Colombia gathered vast territories of northern South America into… Militaristic-expansionist monarchy · 1868–1947 Empire of Japan The Japanese imperial regime of the early 20th century combined sacred monarchy, militarism, accelerated… Dual aristocratic monarchy · 1867–1918 Austro-Hungarian Empire A dual monarchy in Central Europe, the Austro-Hungarian Empire gathered multiple nationalities under the Habsburg… Tolerant satrapal empire · 550–330 a.C. Persian Empire (Achaemenid) The first great universal empire in history, Achaemenid Persia governed dozens of peoples through autonomous… Self-managed communal socialism · março–maio de 1871 Paris Commune The revolutionary government that held Paris for 72 days in 1871, the Commune established direct democracy with… Mercantile-patronage republic · 1115–1532 Renaissance Florence A city-state of the Italian Renaissance, Florence united banking and commercial capitalism, factional disputes among… Senatorial-expansionist republic · 509–27 a.C. Republican Rome An aristocratic republic of antiquity, Rome balanced consuls, Senate, and tribunes of the plebs in a mixed system of… One-party consumerist socialism · 1956–1989 Kádár's Hungary Established after the crushing of the 1956 revolution, Kádár's regime combined single-party rule, Soviet alignment,… Democratic-nationalizing socialism · 1970–1973 Allende's Chile Under Allende's Popular Unity, Chile attempted democratic socialism through copper and bank nationalization, agrarian… Revolutionary anti-colonial socialism · 1983–1987 Sankara's Burkina Faso Under Thomas Sankara, Burkina Faso combined food self-sufficiency, mass vaccination and literacy campaigns, women's… Agrarian-slaveholding confederation · 1861–1865 Confederate States of America Formed by the secession of eleven Southern states to preserve slavery, the Confederate States combined radical state… Territorial clerical theocracy · 756–1870 Papal States Temporal state of the Papacy, the Papal States united spiritual and political authority under the Pope, applying canon… Orthodox caesaropapist autocracy · 330–1453 Byzantine Empire Heir of the Roman Empire in the East, Byzantium lasted a thousand years fusing Orthodox Christianity, imperial… Counter-Reformation Catholic monarchy · 1516–1700 Habsburg Spain Habsburg Spain, especially under Philip II, was a Catholic Counter-Reformation state, marked by the Inquisition,… Dynastic-Orthodox autocracy · 1613–1917 Tsarist Russian Empire The Russian Empire under the Romanovs combined Orthodox Christianity, dynastic autocracy, territorial expansion, and… Disciplinary reformed theocracy · 1541–1564 Calvinist Geneva The city of Geneva under Calvin (1541–1564) organized itself as an urban Reformed theocracy, with the Consistory… Catholic thalassocratic monarchy · 1415–1822 Portuguese Empire The first and longest-lasting of the European colonial empires (1415–1822), it united absolute monarchy, militant… Constitutional-militarist monarchy · 1871–1918 German Empire The German imperial state from 1871 to 1918 united Prussian-led federalism, limited constitutional monarchy, male… One-party surveillance socialism · 1949–1990 East Germany The German Democratic Republic was a socialist state aligned with the Soviet Union, with single-party rule, an… Military-tributary confederation · 1206–1368 Mongol Empire Founded by Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire unified steppe tribes, expanded through devastating military campaigns, and… Developmentalist-conservative dictatorship · 1964–1985 Brazil under Military Rule Dictatorship installed in 1964, combining political repression, censorship, and security agencies with state-led… Nationalist-agrarian populism · 1934–1940 Cárdenas's Mexico Government of the Cardenista peak, marking the institutionalized Mexican Revolution through oil nationalization, ejido… Customary cantonal confederation · 1291–1798 Old Swiss Confederacy Medieval alliance of autonomous cantons formed from the 1291 Pact, the Old Swiss Confederacy operated without a strong… Authoritarian-militarist monarchy · 1804–1815 Napoleonic Empire Under Napoleon Bonaparte, the First French Empire concentrated absolute power in the emperor, imposed the Civil Code…

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