Religious leader

Pope Leo XIII

Pope from 1878 to 1903, Leo XIII founded Catholic social teaching with the encyclical Rerum Novarum, defending a just wage, workers' associations and private property against socialism and liberalism, and revived Thomism.

1810–1903

Portrait: Pope Leo XIII — Wikimedia Commons

Profile across the 12 axes

How Pope Leo XIII positions on each of the 12 political dimensions measured by 12 Axes.

Structure

Balanced

Federal 45%

Unitary 55%

Representation

Leaning - Autocracy

Democracy 33%

Autocracy 68%

Power

Strong - Security

Security 74%

Liberty 26%

Immigration

Leaning - Assimilation

Assimilation 63%

Multiculturalism 38%

Diplomacy

Leaning - Pacifist

Militarist 30%

Pacifist 70%

Intervention

Leaning - Non-interventionist

Non-interventionist 70%

Nationalist 30%

Economy

Leaning - Private

Public 40%

Private 60%

Control

Balanced

Planning 48%

Free market 53%

Trade

Leaning - Protectionism

Protectionism 70%

Globalism 30%

Religion

Very strong - Religious

Irreligious 5%

Religious 95%

Morality

Strong - Traditionalist

Progressive 15%

Traditionalist 85%

Technology

Balanced

Technology 45%

Biology 55%

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