Philosopher

Baruch Spinoza

A Dutch rationalist philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish descent, Spinoza identified God with Nature, rejected dogma and free will, and argued in the Ethics and the Theologico-Political Treatise for tolerance, freedom of thought and democracy as the most rational regime.

1632–1677

Portrait: Baruch Spinoza — Wikimedia Commons / Wikipédia

Profile across the 12 axes

How Baruch Spinoza positions on each of the 12 political dimensions measured by 12 Axes.

Structure

Leaning - Federal

Federal 69%

Unitary 31%

Representation

Strong - Democracy

Democracy 81%

Autocracy 19%

Power

Strong - Liberty

Security 28%

Liberty 73%

Immigration

Leaning - Multiculturalism

Assimilation 34%

Multiculturalism 66%

Diplomacy

Leaning - Pacifist

Militarist 34%

Pacifist 66%

Intervention

Leaning - Non-interventionist

Non-interventionist 70%

Nationalist 30%

Economy

Leaning - Private

Public 34%

Private 66%

Control

Leaning - Free market

Planning 29%

Free market 71%

Trade

Leaning - Globalism

Protectionism 29%

Globalism 71%

Religion

Strong - Irreligious

Irreligious 84%

Religious 16%

Morality

Leaning - Progressive

Progressive 61%

Traditionalist 39%

Technology

Leaning - Technology

Technology 64%

Biology 36%

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